Report of the Toronto and Ottawa Supervised Consumption Assessment Study.When the rock crystal is heated to a high temperature, it melts and quickly vapourizes, and can be inhaled (smoked).
Pipe Resin Crack Is AlsoCrack is also ranked highly in terms of the harms (physical, dependence and social) associated with its use.Pipe Resin Crack Cocaine InPrevalence rates of HIV reported among people who smoke crack cocaine in Canadian settings range from 19 in Vancouver to 6 in Toronto to 11 in Ottawa.These rates are all substantially higher than among the general Canadian population (0.2). However, numbers from Toronto included some people who used to inject drugs, although no one had injected in the previous 6 months. There is a need for more research to better understand the specific HIV transmission risk of smoking crack cocaine. Hepatitis C virus maintains infectivity for weeks after drying on inanimate surfaces at room temperature: Implications for risks of transmission. Prevalence rates of hepatitis C among people who smoke crack cocaine in Canadian settings range from 37 in Ottawa to 43 in Vancouver to 29 in Toronto. These rates are all substantially higher than among the general Canadian population (0.7). When makeshift pipes are used to smoke crack cocaine, the hot, jagged surface can cause injuries to the hands and mouth, including oral inflammation, cuts, burns and sores. HIV or hepatitis C virus contained in the blood can then be passed along to the next person using the pipe. It is hypothesized that through this mechanism, people who smoke crack cocaine are at an elevated risk of acquiring HIV and hepatitis C. In addition, allowing others to use a pipe means that the owner can collect the resin or residue that collects on the inside of a pipe and smoke it. People who smoke crack cocaine who have difficulty accessing pipes are also more likely to share. Crack cocaine is sold as small rocks, making it difficult to divide into smaller pieces; this may contribute to sharing of smoking equipment among people who pool their money to purchase drugs. Many safer crack cocaine smoking equipment distribution programs struggle to sustain funding and some have been subject to intense community opposition. Since there have been no evaluation studies supporting their inclusion, the Working Group offers no recommendations for their distribution. The Working Group recommends that safer smoking equipment be considered unsafe and in need of replacement when. Therefore, the Working Group also recommends that programs provide other harm reduction supplies, such as condoms and lubricant, in the quantities requested by clients with no limit on the number provided. Providing safer smoking equipment in quantities that meet client needs may help reduce sharing of pipes and other pieces of equipment. The Working Group also recommends that programs educate clients about the safer use of equipment, safer smoking practices, the risks of sharing smoking supplies, and safer sex. In the latter part of 2014, the Working Group plans to launch Part 2 of the Best Practice Recommendations which focusses on program models, preventative health care, referrals and counselling, and relationships with law enforcement and other organizations. High prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among noninjecting drug users: association with sharing the inhalation implements of crack. Hepatitis C virus transmission among oral crack users: viral detection on crack paraphernalia. European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology. Sexual and other noninjection risks for HBV and HCV seroconversions among noninjecting heroin users. Smoking of crack cocaine as a risk factor for HIV infection among people who use injection drugs. Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lance t. 2007 Mar 24;369(9566):104753.
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